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Boron compound, a Strategic Arms Limitation Talks of boric acid

Borax

Names
IUPAC call disodium;3,7-dioxido-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3,5,7-tetraborabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane;decahydrate[1]
Other names borax decahydrate sodium borate decahydrate sodium tetraborate decahydrate
Identifiers
CAS Number	1303-96-4[2]
3D mannequin (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:86222
ChemSpider	17339255
European Economic Community Number	603-411-9[1]
E number	E285 (preservatives)
KEGG	D03243
PubChem CID	16211214
UNII	91MBZ8H3QO
InChI InChI=1S/B4O7.2Na.10H2O/c5-1-7-3-9-2(6)10-4(8-1)11-3;;;;;;;;;;;;/h;;;10*1H2/q-2;2*+1;;;;;;;;;; Cay: CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N InChI=1/B4O7.2Na.10H2O/c5-1-7-3-9-2(6)10-4(8-1)11-3;;;;;;;;;;;;/h;;;10*1H2/q-2;2*+1;;;;;;;;;; Key: CDMADVZSLOHIFP-UHFFFAOYAP
SMILES [Na+].[Na+].O0B(O)O[B-]1(O)OB(O)O[B-]0(O)O1.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O
Properties
Chemical convention	B4O7Na2·10H2O Atomic number 112B4O7·10H2O B4H20Na2O17
Molar mass	381.37 (decahydrate)
Appearing	white, crystalline solidified
Density	1.73 g/cm3 (decahydrate, hard)[3]
Melting degree	743 °C (1,369 °F; 1,016 K) (anhydrous)[3] 75 °C (decahydrate, decomposes)[3]
Boil	1,575 °C (2,867 °F; 1,848 K) (anhydrous)[3]
Solubility in urine	31.7 g/L [3]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−85.0·10−6 cm3/mol (anhydrous)[4]
Refractive forefinger (n D)	n1=1.447, n2=1.469, n3=1.472 (decahydrate)[5]
Structure[6]
Crystal structure	Monoclinic, mS92, No. 15
Blank radical	C2/c
Point group	2/m
Lattice constant	a = 1.1885 New Mexico, b = 1.0654 nm, c = 1.2206 nm α = 90°, β = 106.623°°, γ = 90°
Lattice bulk (V)	1.4810 nm3
Rule units (Z)	4
Pharmacology
ATC code	S01AX07 (World Health Organization)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Hazard statements	H360
Precautionary statements	P201, P308+P313
NFPA 704 (fire ball field)	[10] 1 0 0
NIOSH (US wellness exposure limits):
Picture element (Tolerable)	none[7]
REL (Recommended)	TWA 1 Mg/m3 (anhydrous and pentahydrate)[7] [8] TWA 5 mg/m3 (decahydrate)[9]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	N.D.[7]
Related compounds
Strange anions	Sodium aluminate
Other cations	Li tetraborate
Related compounds	Boracic acid, sodium perborate
Except where otherwise noted, information are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Chemical compound

Borax, likewise known As sodium borate, sodium borate decahydrate or atomic number 11 tetraborate decahydrate, is a hydrate salt of boric acid.^[1] Usually ready in powder or coarse form, it dissolves in water to make a canonical, aqueous solution.^[1] It is disintegrable and has some industrial and household applications as a component part in a wide range of mountains of products.^{[1] [11]} Applications include American Samoa a pesticide; metal bonding; glass over and enamel manufacturing; whipping of skins and hides; affected ageing of wood; as a protective against wood fungus; analytical alchemy A a buffering agent; and pharmaceutical aid as an alkalizer.^[1]

Borax was archetypal discovered in dry lake beds in Sitsang and was imported via the Silk Road to the Arabian Peninsula in the 8th century Advertising.^[12] Borax first came into common purpose in the late 19th century when Francis Marion Smith's Pacific Coast Borax Company began to market and popularize a large variety of applications low-level the 20 Scuff Team Borax trademark, named for the method by which borax was originally hauled taboo of the Calif. and Nevada deserts.^{[13] [14]}

Chemistry [edit]

Structure [edit]

The term borax is often victimized for a number of tight related minerals or chemical compounds that differ in their crystal weewe content:

• anhydrous sodium tetraborate, Na₂B₄O₇
• sodium tetraborate pentahydrate, Na₂B₄O₇·5H₂O
• Na tetraborate decahydrate, Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O or equivalently the octahydrate, Na₂B₄O₅(OH)₄·8H₂O

From the chemical perspective, borax contains the [B₄O₅(OH)₄]²⁻ ion. In this structure, there are two four-coordinate atomic number 5 centers and two tercet-coordinate boron centers.

Reactions [edit]

Borax is also easy reborn to boracic acid and other borates, which have more applications. Its reaction with hydrochloric back breaker to form boric acidic is:

Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O + 2 HCl → 4 H₃BO₃ + 2 NaCl + 5H₂O

The "decahydrate" is sufficiently stable to find use as a primary standard for acid base titrimetry.^[15]

Solubility [edit]

Borax is soluble in a variety of solvents; all the same, it is notably unsolvable in ethanol.^[1]

Solubility of Borax decahydrate in some solvents^[16]

Constitutional solvent	Temperature °C (°F)	Borax decahydrate % by weight in saturated solution
Glycerol 98.5%	20 (68)	52.60
Glycerol 86.5%	20 (68)	47.19
Ethanediol	25 (77)	41.60
Diethylene ethylene glycol	25 (77)	18.60
Methanol	25 (77)	19.90
Aqueous ethanol 46.5%	15.5 (60)	2.48
Acetone	25 (77)	0.60
Ethyl acetate	25 (77)	0.14

Solubility of borax decahydrate in water^[16]

Temperature °C (°F)	Borax decahydrate % by weight in intense solvent
0 (32)	1.99
5 (41)	2.46
10 (50)	3.09
15 (59)	3.79
20 (68)	4.70
25 (77)	5.80
30 (86)	7.20
35 (95)	9.02
40 (104)	11.22
45 (113)	14.21
50 (122)	17.91
55 (131)	23.22
60 (140)	30.32
65 (149)	33.89
70 (158)	36.94
75 (167)	40.18
80 (176)	44.31
85 (185)	48.52
90 (194)	53.18
95 (203)	58.94
100 (212)	65.63

Etymology [edit]

The English word borax is Latinized: the Middle English form was boras, from Old French people boras, bourras. That Crataegus laevigata have been from past Latin baurach (some other English spelling), borac(-/um/pica), borax, along with Spanish borrax (> borraj) and Italian borrace, in the 9th century. Another make for borax is tincal, from Sanskrit.^[12]

The word tincal "tinkle", or tincar "monkey", refers to vulgar borax, before it is purified, Eastern Samoa strip-mined from lake deposits in Tibet, Persia, and other parts of Asia. The word was adopted in the 17th century from Asian tingkal and from Sanskritic language/Persian/Semite تنکار‎ tinkār/tankār; thus the two forms in English language. These all appear to be related to the Sanskrit टांकण ṭānkaṇa.^{[17] [18]}

Natural sources [edit]

Borax occurs naturally in evaporite deposits produced by the perennial evaporation of seasonal worker lakes. The most commercially important deposits are found in: Turkey; Boron, California; and Searles Lake, California. Likewise, borax has been recovered at many other locations in the Southwestern US Government, the Atacama Desert in Chile, newly discovered deposits in Bolivia, and in Tibet and Romania. Borax can also be produced synthetically from otherwise boron compounds. ^{[ citation necessary ]}

Naturally occurring borax (legendary away the brand Rasorite–46 in the United States and many other countries) is well-mannered by a process of recrystallization.^[19]

Uses [edit]

Household products [edit]

Borax is misused in various family laundry and cleansing products,^[20] including the "20 Mule Team Borax" laundry booster, "Boraxo" pulverised hand soap, and some tooth bleaching formulas.^[21]

pH buffer [edit]

Borate ions (commonly supplied American Samoa orthoboric acid) are used in organic chemistry and chemical laboratories to make buffers, e.g. for polyacrylamide gelatin ionophoresis of Desoxyribonucleic acid and RNA, such as TBE buffer (borate buffered tris-hydroxymethylaminomethonium)^{[22] [23]} or the newer SB buffer operating room Bulletin board system buffer (borate buffered saline) in coating procedures. Borate buffers (usually at pH scale 8) are besides ill-used Eastern Samoa preferential equilibration solution in dimethyl pimelimidate (DMP) based crosslinking reactions.^{[ citation needed ]}

Co-complexing agent [edit]

Borax as a source of borate has been used to capitalize of the co-complexing ability of borate with other agents in water to form daedal ions with various substances. Borate and a right polymer bed are used to chromatograph non-glycated hemoglobin differentially from glycated hemoglobin (mainly HbA1c), which is an indicator of long-term hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Water-softening agent [edit]

Borax alone does not have a senior high school affinity for the hardness cations, although it has been used for water-softening. Its chemical equation for water-softening is given down the stairs:

Ca²⁺ _(aq) + Na₂B₄O_{7 (aq)} → Calcium B₄O_{7 (s)}↓ + 2 Na⁺ _(aq)

Atomic number 12²⁺ _(aq) + Na₂B₄O_{7 (aq)} → Mg B₄O_{7 (s)}↓ + 2 Na⁺ _(aq)

The sodium ions introduced fare not induce pee 'hard'. This method is suited for removing both temporary and permanent types of hardness.

Flux [blue-pencil]

A mixture of borax and ammonium chloride is used as a flux when welding press and steel. It lowers the melting point of the unwanted iron oxide (scale), allowing it to waste. Borax is too used mixed with water system as a meld when soldering jewellery metals such as gold surgery silver, where IT allows the molten solder to wet the metal and flow equally into the joint. ^{[ citation needed ]} Borax is also a good flux for "pre-tin-plating" atomic number 74 with zinc — making the tungsten soft-solderable.^[24] Borax is often used as a flux for forge welding.^[25]

Pocket-sized gold mining [edit]

In artisanal gold mining, borax is sometimes used as part of a process titled the borax method (as a flux) meant to eliminate the need for toxic mercury in the metal origin process, although IT cannot immediately replace Mercury. Borax was reportedly used by gold miners in parts of the Philippines in the 1900s.^{[26] [27]} At that place is show that, in add-on to reducing the environmental impact, this method achieves major amber recovery for suitable ores and is less expensive. This borax method acting is utilised in northern Luzon in the Republic of the Philippines, but miners throw been reluctant to adopt it elsewhere for reasons that are not well understood.^[28] The method has too been promoted in Bolivia^[29] and Tanzania.^[30]

Flubber [redact]

A rubbery polymer sometimes called Slime, Flubber, 'gluep' operating theatre 'glurch' (or mistakenly called Silly Putty, which is based on silicone polymer polymers), can make up made by cross-linking polyvinyl alcohol with borax. Fashioning flubber from polyvinyl acetate-based glues, so much A Elmer's Glue, and borax is a common elementary-science demonstration.^{[31] [32]}

Food additive [delete]

Borax, given the E number E285, is used atomic number 3 a artificial additive, but is banned in about countries, so much as the United States, Taiwan, and Thailand.^[33] Arsenic a consequence, certain foods, such as caviar, produced for sale in the Married States hold back higher levels of table salt to assist preservation.^[34] In addition to its use up as a preservative, borax imparts a steady, rubbery texture to food. In China, borax (Chinese: 硼砂; pinyin: péng shā or Chinese: 月石; pinyin: yuè shí ) has been launch in foods including wheat and rice noodles called lamian (Chinese: 拉面; pinyin: lāmiàn ), shahe fen (Island: 沙河粉; pinyin: shāhéfěn ), char kway teow (Chinese: 粿條; pinyin: guǒ tiáo ), and chee cheong amusive (Chinese: 肠粉; pinyin: chángfěn ) ^{[ clear up ] [35]} In Indonesia, it is a common, only forbidden,^[36] additive to such foods Eastern Samoa noodles, bakso (meatballs), and steamed rice. The country's Directorate of Consumer Protection warns of the risk of liver malignant neoplastic disease with lofty consumption over a period of quintet to ten eld.^{[37] [ undependable medical source? ]}

Different uses [edit]

• Ingredient in enamel glazes^[38]
• Component of methamphetamine, pottery, and ceramics^[39]
• Used American Samoa an additive in ceramic slips and glazes to improve fit on wet, greenware, and bisque^{[ cite required ]}
• Fire retardant^[40]
• Anti-fungal quinquefoliate for cellulose insulation^[39]
• Moth proofing 10% solution for wool^[41]
• Pulverized for the prevention of stubborn pests (e.g. German cockroaches) in closets, pipe and cable length inlets, surround panelling gaps, and remote locations where ordinary pesticides are undesirable^[42]
• Herald for sodium perborate monohydrate that is used in detergents, as well as for orthoboric acid and former borates^{[ citation needed ]}
• Tackifier component in casein, starch and dextrin based adhesives^[43]
• Harbinger for boric acid, a tackifier ingredient in polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol based adhesives
• Fluoride detoxification^{[ citation needed ]}
• To make indelible ink for dip pens past dissolving shellac into heated borax^{[ citation requisite ]}
• Curing factor for Hydra skins^{[ quote needful ]}
• Curing agent for salmon eggs, for use in cavort fishing for salmon^[44]
• Swimming pond buffering factor to control pH^[45]
• Neutron absorber, used in nuclear reactors and spent fuel pools to control responsiveness and to shut down a nuclear chain reaction^[46]
• As a micronutrient fertilizer to correct boron-too little soils.^{[47] [48]}
• Preservative in taxidermy^[49]
• To color fires with a green tint^[50]
• Was traditionally used to surface dry-cured meats such American Samoa hams to improve the show and discourage flies.^{[51] [52] [37]}
• Used by blacksmiths in forge welding^[25]
• Used as a flux for thaw metals and alloys in molding to pull impurities and prevent oxidation.^{[ citation needed ]}
• Used atomic number 3 a woodworm treatment (diluted in irrigate)^{[ Citation necessary ]}

Toxicity [edit]

Borax, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, accordant to one work, is non acutely toxic. Its LD₅₀ (median lethal Cupid's disease) score is tested at 2.66 g/kilo in rats, signification that a significant loony toons of the chemical is needed to cause severe symptoms or death. The lethal dose is not necessarily the same for humans. On pesticide information websites it is listed equally a non-lethal compound and of no risky concerns.

Borax has been in use as an insect powder in the United States with various restrictions since 1946. Every restrictions were separate in February 1986 due to the scummy toxicity of borax, as reported in 2 EPA documents relating to boracic acrid and borax.^{[53] [54]}

EPA has discovered that, because they are of low toxicity and occur of course, boric acid and its sodium salts should be exempted from the requirement of a permissiveness (maximum residue limit) for all raw agricultural commodities.^[53]

Although it cited inconclusive information, a re-rating in 2006 past the EPA still found that "There were no signs of toxicity determined during the study and no evidence of cytotoxicity to the quarry pipe organ."^[55] In the reevaluation, a study of toxicity ascribable overexposure was checked and the findings were that "The residential handler inhalation risks imputable orthoboric acid and its sodium salts as active ingredients are not a risk concern and do not exceed the level of concern..." but that there could be some risk of pique to children inhaling it if used as a powder for cleaning rugs.

Sodium tetraborate decahydrate has no known hazard issues.^{[56] [ clarification needed ]}

Overexposure to borax dust can cause metabolism irritation, while no skin irritation is known to exist due to external borax exposure. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal hurt including nausea, persistent vomiting, abdominal muscle pain, and diarrhea. Effects on the tube scheme and human head include headaches and lethargy, just are inferior frequent. In severe cases, a "beefy" red rash affecting the palms, soles, rump and scrotum has occurred. ^[57]

Possible carcinogen [edit]

The Indonesian Directorate of Consumer Protection warns of the risk of liver malignant neoplastic disease with high consumption of borax o'er a historical period of 5–10 years.^[37]

Risk to fertility and pregnancy [cut]

Borax was added to the Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) candidate list on December 16, 2010. The SVHC candidate name is contribution of the EC Regulations on the Registration, Valuation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals 2006 (REACH), and the add-on was based connected the revised classification of borax as toxic for reproduction category 1B under the CLP Regulations. Substances and mixtures imported into the EU which moderate borax are now needful to be labelled with the warnings "May damage fecundity" and "May damage the unborn child".^[58] It was planned for improver to REACH Annex XIV by the ECHA on July 1, 2022.^[59] If this recommendation is approved, all imports and uses of borax in the EU will have to be sanctioned by the ECHA.^{[ necessarily update ]}

Review of the boron perniciousness (as boracic window pane and borates) published 2012 in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health terminated: "Information technology clearly appears that human B [boron] exposures, even in the highest exposed cohorts, are too low to reach the blood (and target tissue) concentrations that would be necessary to exert adverse personal effects happening reproductive functions."^[60]

A draft risk judgment released away Wellness Canada in July 2022 has found that overexposure to boracic acid has the potential to cause developmental and reproductive health personal effects. Since people are already exposed to boric acid naturally through their diets and water, Wellness Canada advised that photo from other sources should be weakened equally much arsenic doable, especially for children and pregnant women. The concern is not with any one product, but rather multiple exposures from a variety of sources. With this in mind, the section also declared that registrations sure pesticides that stop boric Lucy in the sky with diamonds, which are ordinarily utilised in homes, will stimulate their registrations cancelled and be phased out of the marketplace. Likewise, new, more protective mark down directions are being introduced for another boric acid pesticides that extend to be registered in Canada (for object lesson, enclosed rid stations and spot treatments using colloidal gel formulations).^[61]

See likewise [edit]

• Borax bead test
• John Veatch
• List of cleansing agents
• Sodium borohydride – Compound
• Ulexite

References [edit]

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Cited sources [delete]

• Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Natural philosophy (92nd male erecticle dysfunction.). CRC Press. ISBN978-1439855119.
• O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelan: Royal Society of Chemical science, 2022., p. 1595

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commonalty has media related to Borax.

Refer borax in Wiktionary, the unblock dictionary.

• International Chemical Safety Card 0567
• Planetary Chemical Safety Card 1229 (fused borax)
• National Pollutant Inventory – Boron and compounds
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
• Atomic number 11 Borate in sefsc.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.gov

how to clean borax out of a forge

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax

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